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ABOUT PAMIRTHE GREAT PAMIR
What would You like to see in Pamir? How to get the other regions in Tajikistan and a specialty the most contrast highest mountains in the Great Pamir? It is possible to fly, or if You are romantic, after driving 500 km You will appear in Khorog - in the capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of the Republic of Tajikistan (GBAR - it's total territory is - 63. 3 thousand sq. km or 45% territory of Tajikistan, - population - 167. 1 thousand, in Khorog - 20. 7 thousand people). The town meets You with modern buildings with TV antenna’s on the roofs and You'll see asphalt streets, public transport and the building of Khorog University. And You’ll be surprised is: " Where is Pamir?" As the matter of the fact, the historical and geographical terms now united, and now the territory of GBAO as for natural conditions is divided into Western Pamir: (6 administrative districts: Kalai-khumb, Vanch, Rushan, Shugnan, Roshtkala and Ishkoshim) and Eastern Pamir (Murgab district). Population of Western Pamir from the ancient times was busy with agriculture and cattle-farming, and of the Eastern Pamir with sheep-farming. The name of Pamir (Po-mi-lo) and it's description were fixed in " The Notes" of Buddhian worshipper Syuan Tzan of YIIcc. The severe cold and strong winds were dominating here and it was snowy all the year round. No fruit trees and grains were growing here as the land was stony and salty. The same impressions had the great Marco Polo, exploring Pamir after 500 years. This region is the Pamir now. It is translation has several meanings: " the roof of the world" , " bird's foot" , " sun foothills" , " death's foothills" and etc. There is no definite viewpoint. But the fact is that, Pamir is the highest mountain in the world after the Tibet and the people live here on the high of 3700-4200 ms above sea level. According to ancient history, such regions as, Vakhan, Shugnan, Rushan, Vanch were dislocated in the territory of Eastern Pamir. Archeological investigations discovered, that the first traces of the human being touched to the " Roof of the World" 40-20 thousand years before. Seasonally hunters started to come here in the hot time of the year in YIII-Y thousands B. C. . The most famous settlement remained by the hunters - is called " Oshkhona" (situated on the river Oshkhongilga, which joins the river Uisy, 25 km north from the lake of Karakul on the high of the 4200 ms above sea level). More than 50 human settlements from the stone age were found in the Eastern Pamir. People here hunted and also produced stone tools. The finest paintings of that time were discovered in the cave of Shakhti (40 km from Murgab settlement, on the road to Jarti-gumbaz). The colors is extremely beautiful. On the walls of the cave it is possible to see bird masked human figure, 2 boars and the yak, wounded by 2 arrows. (pic. 2) In the Western Pamir the ancient settlement of the same time is known in the valley of the river Javshangoz - it is the left tributary of the river Shokh-dara in Roshtkala area. It was the start of exploring the whole Badakhshan Pamir. Though the monuments of neolith period are known in Western Pamir, for this time. There no details about agricultural lands in Western Pamir. But however academician N. I. Vavilov included this region to the area of the origin of cultivated plants. About Pamir
The facts confirm that, agriculture and home animals appeared in bronze epoch. But for cultivating of the land people used stone ploughers. The first worshipping monuments appeared: four-angled erections with outside entrance-corridor and the stone altar in the centre of the back walls. At the same time they were intended as tombs or a burial vaults. The dead bodies were buried inside of the walls, first putting them in the " stone boxes" . This was the starting time of the worshipping of the Fire and the Sun. The stone rounded fencings (with the diameter of 60-46ms) on the starts of the river Big Marjanai are connected with different ceremonies, dedicated to the Fire and the Sun. (pic. 3). A human being living here in this time anthropologically belonged to the Mediterranean race type. They came to Pamir from the south or south-western areas of Southern-Tajikistan or Afghanistan. To the next thousand years, exploring and population of Pamir continues, getting tempo’s and this time is called " Sac's Period" . The " Roof of the World" successfully started to be used as a pasture from the early spring up to late autumn. More than 50 tombs found there tell us about. At the same time in the neighboring north-eastern areas Sac nomadic tribes also pastures their cattle’s. Excavation of tombs gave us big materials about weapons, house tools, ceremonial items and a wide trade contacts with Fergana valley, Xinzyang, India and Afghanistan. Practical knowledge of ancient peasants was based on solar calendar, which had original construction. In the valley of the river Shorolyu (left tributary of the river Kuhdara) in the area of the Kokjar pass, on the height of the 3850 ms there were found interesting sloppy figures, made on the earth from stone (length 6-13 ms) in two colures (black stone and white quartz). One figure is oriented to spring (autumn) day/night equality (march 21 and September 23) and two others were oriented to summer (winter) day/night equality (June 22 and December 22) The end of I- thousand years, B. C. is the famous that, there was opened the Great Silk Road in II cc. B. C. from China to the countries of Central and Front Asia. In the area of Dunkhuan district the road divided into two, - the northern road went to Ferghana valley, the southern after crossing Saricol range went to south. The southern road is famous under the name of Vakhan or Great Buddhian Road and Shugnan. This was the road of trade caravans, Buddhian worshippers and missioners. To this time the Western Pamir enough explored, that there were built huge defensive castles (Kah-Kaha in Namadgut village), fortressed settlements. Most of them were built in I cc. B. C. - Icc. B. C. (Kushan period) The lack of plain lands and the defense purposes insisted them to build settlements on a high rocky mounds. Magnificent erections (the height of the walls preserved up to 3-meters) are seen in the background of snow cowered peaks. It is the unrepeatable museum under the open sky, which created by the ancestors of modern people, who live now in Vakhan, Shugnan, Rushan, Yazgulem and Vanch. Mostly, special type of agriculture - agricultural farms were developed. According to modern measures, in ancient times, however up to XII cc. there no villages at all. The big Patriarchic families (with up to 60 people) lived in the village farms. The strong walls with towers, defended living and farm houses. In the early middle ages (VI-VII cc. ) fire worshipping well confirmed, that there appeared fire temples (In village farms there were special rooms for holy fire) and in ancient manuscripts local people were called fire worshippers. The name of " Great Buddhian Road" was confirmed in ancient Vakhan. 4-stored Buddhian temple in the village of Vrang. The sitting niches for worshippers were cut around the terraces, and some of them were remained under the foothills of the temple. In the place of ancient ford through the river Pyanj (between Ishkoshim and Rin village) there was built a pier-caravanserai Dorkisht. Caravansarai and descent to the river was defended by walls with towers. The exploring of natural resources started in the period of IX-XI cc. In XII cc. a rich spinal mines were found in the area of the village Kuhi-lal, in ancient times famous as Badakhshan lal stones. The reason that they are called Badakhshan stones the well-known ancient mineralogist Biruni (XI c) explainers, that, they were taken to Badakhshan, where they were granted, polished and sold. The mine belonged to the governor of Vakhan, who kept a control over the producing and exporting of the precious stone. Silver mines containing silver ores were also important ones. They started to mine it in Shugnan, in the uppers of Gunt and it's right tributary Tokuzbulak river in Bachor range. There were found some settlements of miners and metallurgists. But the mines in the Eastern Pamir were famous. In XI cc. , the most sources of silver (ancient Ilak in the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Shelji in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan) which were exported finished, there was so called " Silver crisis" . In this moment, the above mentioned silver mines in Shugnan were of big importance for the further exploring of silver resources in the " Roof of the World" In the northern slopes of the North-Alichur range in the valley of the river Ak-jilga on the high 3980 ms above the sea level there was built a small town. It consisted of caravansarai, administrative centre, town buildings with living houses, fire temple, cemetery(more than 500 tombs) and the bathroom with underground heating. The most highest mountain mine among the well-known resources was situated in the uppers of the river Sassik on the high of the 5000 ms above sea level. You can do travels according to several routes. But before making trips along the ancient caravan roads, don't forget to visit Regional Ethnographic museum and the local Botanical Garden.
Wahan corridor: We are start from Khorog to Ishkashim - 104 km. On the way we will see famous Hot springs It is worth of seeing here the village of Anderob, from where the road turns to Garmchashma (7 km) - medical thermal spring. In the background of severe rocks it is possible to see the white cupolas of calcite mineral mounds. There are many medical thermal and mineral water springs like narzan and borjomi 8 km further, there is a Kuhi-lal village, where one can see ancient mines of high quality spinal. District centre Ishkashim and the village Rin. Some fortressed settlements and defense castles, pier-caravansarai on the bank of the river Pyanj. After Ishkashim: The Kah-kah-ha castle (IV cc. B. C) - the walls of it strengthened with 55 towers, in the inside of it there are a bastion and the buildings of local governor(17kms from Ishkashim). Yamchun village (situated 72 km from Ishkoshim). Upper the village there is a very early castle. (III cc. B. C. ). On the upper square there is a citadel for garrison. The double lines of the castle walls are strengthened with 39 towers. Yamg village. (80 km from Ishkoshim). In the territory of the village the old system of the solar calendar, which rules the season dates of the Sunset was preserved. There is the tomb of the Sufi-astronomer Muborak(died in 1885y),who worked with the calendar. Vrang village (87 km from Ishkoshim). The Buddhian temple in the upper of the village on the rocky slope. A sitting niches around the temple for buddhian worshippers. Zong village (113 km from Ishkoshim). Around the village on the rocky slopes there are ruins of some castles, among them the Vishimkala (Anreshimkala) is the biggest. In the inside living and warehouse buildings compactly were built. A guarding tower built looking to the gorge. Ancient times there was situated the fire temple, built cross-like and there was a stowed for the holy fire. District of the villages Zong-Hissor-Langar, traditionally called as the " Meeting of the main roads" . It is the point, where Pamir river joins with Wahan-Darya and the Pyanj river starts. There is the road to Eastern Pamir and Afgan Vakhan. The Castle of Ratm (Kushan period),in front of which a guarding tower with a highs of more than 3 meters was staying, took a control over the region. Langar village. The remains of the castle are situated after the village of Langar, on the bank of the river Pamir, which runs here in the deepest gorge. In the area of Langar there are majority of pethroglifs were found.
Shugnan destination: from Khorog to Jelondy - 130kms. On the top of the Bogiv village (Start of the river Bogivdara, the right tributary of the river Gunt ,9 km from Khorog) on the rocky mountains there is the castle, in the lower squares of it there are two temples of fire situated. It is built round like with niches for sitting and a place for the priest. There is a sowed in the centre. Three living houses built attaching to temples. The village of Patkhur (82 km from Khorog). Here was excavated farmer's house(YI-YII cc. )in which there was an altar for the fire. Varshez village(100 km from Khorog). There were found many settlements of miners and metallurgists, farmer's houses, mostly connected with silver resources in Bachor range in X-XI cc. Jelondy - this district is famous for mane medical thermal spring’s.
Second way Shugnan destination: From Khorog-Jaushangoz (136kms) The road to river Shokhdara. Besides the fascinating beauty ,it is interesting Roshtkala - district centre, in which there are situated the castle of Shugnan governor(XVIII-XIXcc) and one more ancient castle. The Shashbuvad village(118 km from Khorog). From the road it is possible to see the well preserved ancient castle on the rock. The valley of the river Jaushangoz. There is the castle of Derudj (YI-YII cc) 3 km after entrance to the valley. It closed the entrance to the valley of the river Shokhdara. This is the place, easy way to there is through the river Pamir, through Mats pass and the valley of the river Tokuzbulok.
THE GREAT SILK ROAD in PAMIR How to get this is region: by Pamir Silk road with three destinations:
" Darband - Tavildara–Kalai-khumb-Kalayrokharv - ( Vanch)- Yazgulom-Kalay Vomar(Rushon)-Barpanja. " 2. from Khorog Shugnan destination: " Barpanja - Khorog - Murgab – Tashkurgan. "
" Kuhilal - Vrang - Ishkashim - Langar – the valley of the river Vakhandarya (Afghanistan) – Tashkurgan (China)" .
Pamir, Badakhshan, occupies almost the half of the territory of modern Tajikistan - it is 63. 7 thousand sq. kilometers. Pamir is surrounded in all sides by the chain of permanent highest mountains and is considered to be one of the highest mountain system peak I.Somoni of the world with the altitude of 7495 ms above sea level.
In 982 y Khudud-al-Alam, in XIII cc. the books of " Mineralogy" of Biruni and the travel reports of Marco Polo say, that " Local people digging out precious stones in the mountain of " Shigkhnan" (Shugnan),under the order of Russian Tzar. Y A M C H U N The other temple is called by the local people " Zamri Otashparast"
(The castle of fire worshippers) and it is situated on the top of the village Yamchun,75 km from Kah-kah-qala, it's length is 900 ms and the width is 400 ms. This castle is located in a impassable part of the stony slope, rounded with two deep canyons of the river. The majestic castle has three round of double walls with 40 towers and the impressive citadel in the highest part of it.
Our route ends in the last village of Vakhan - Langar, on the top of it on the granite slopes the rock paintings with the images of mountain goats, caravans, horse riders with flags and with Ismailith five symbols were discovered. The big amount of historical and cultural monuments in Wahan destination of Great Silk Road allowed to the archeologist A. Zelinsky to call this area " The Great Pamir Road" . As for the scientist A. Stein ,he characterised this road as: " The Main Road connecting the Western Asia with classic world, consequently with far Central Asia and far East. In 12 km from Porshnev, in both banks of the river Gunt and in it's confluence with Panj river, on the height of 2100 ms above sea level there is famous a Pamir Botanic Garden with it's unique flora, taken from the different parts of the planet.
From Khorog the road goes into two, running in Eastern Pamir area: one in the valley of the river Gunt, the other of the river Shokhdara. We proceed our road EASTERN PAMIR (" Tsunlin as for Chinese sources and " Imau" in the map of Ptolemy), sharply differs from the civilized Western Pamir. This is the vast stony Plato with the very few plants on the height of 3400-3500 ms, occupying more than 30. 000 sq. km(bigger than Belgium). Plato is in the shape of not deep plate, at the edges of which is surrounded by the mountain ranges with the height of 1000-1500 ms above it's surface. The slowly running rivers of Murgab, Alichur, Pamir, Muzcol, make many lakes, locating in extremely high altitudes: Turumtaykul lake(4216), Zorkul lake (4126), Karakul lake(3914). The famous traveler Marco Polo was true in describing this region: " On traveling twelve days in the land called Pamir, where one cannot find neither a living shelter, nor a plant, and one should take food by himself. No birds here, because of height and cold. Because of great cold, the fire will flash unnatural and it is impossible to cook. " Probably, one of the finest points of this region is
About Pamir
The facts confirm that, agriculture and home animals appeared in bronze epoch. But for cultivating of the land people used stone ploughers. The first worshipping monuments appeared: four-angled erections with outside entrance-corridor and the stone altar in the centre of the back walls. At the same time they were intended as tombs or a burial vaults. The dead bodies were buried inside of the walls, first putting them in the " stone boxes" . This was the starting time of the worshipping of the Fire and the Sun. The stone rounded fencings (with the diameter of 60-46ms) on the starts of the river Big Marjanai are connected with different ceremonies, dedicated to the Fire and the Sun. (pic. 3). A human being living here in this time anthropologically belonged to the Mediterranean race type. They came to Pamir from the south or south-western areas of Southern-Tajikistan or Afghanistan. To the next thousand years, exploring and population of Pamir continues, getting tempo’s and this time is called " Sac's Period" . The " Roof of the World" successfully started to be used as a pasture from the early spring up to late autumn. More than 50 tombs found there tell us about. At the same time in the neighboring north-eastern areas Sac nomadic tribes also pastures their cattle’s. Excavation of tombs gave us big materials about weapons, house tools, ceremonial items and a wide trade contacts with Fergana valley, Xinzyang, India and Afghanistan. Practical knowledge of ancient peasants was based on solar calendar, which had original construction. In the valley of the river Shorolyu (left tributary of the river Kuhdara) in the area of the Kokjar pass, on the height of the 3850 ms there were found interesting sloppy figures, made on the earth from stone (length 6-13 ms) in two colures (black stone and white quartz). One figure is oriented to spring (autumn) day/night equality (march 21 and September 23) and two others were oriented to summer (winter) day/night equality (June 22 and December 22) The end of I- thousand years, B. C. is the famous that, there was opened the Great Silk Road in II cc. B. C. from China to the countries of Central and Front Asia. In the area of Dunkhuan district the road divided into two, - the northern road went to Ferghana valley, the southern after crossing Saricol range went to south. The southern road is famous under the name of Vakhan or Great Buddhian Road and Shugnan. This was the road of trade caravans, Buddhian worshippers and missioners. To this time the Western Pamir enough explored, that there were built huge defensive castles (Kah-Kaha in Namadgut village), fortressed settlements. Most of them were built in I cc. B. C. - Icc. B. C. (Kushan period) The lack of plain lands and the defense purposes insisted them to build settlements on a high rocky mounds. Magnificent erections (the height of the walls preserved up to 3-meters) are seen in the background of snow cowered peaks. It is the unrepeatable museum under the open sky, which created by the ancestors of modern people, who live now in Vakhan, Shugnan, Rushan, Yazgulem and Vanch. Mostly, special type of agriculture - agricultural farms were developed. According to modern measures, in ancient times, however up to XII cc. there no villages at all. The big Patriarchic families (with up to 60 people) lived in the village farms. The strong walls with towers, defended living and farm houses. In the early middle ages (VI-VII cc. ) fire worshipping well confirmed, that there appeared fire temples (In village farms there were special rooms for holy fire) and in ancient manuscripts local people were called fire worshippers. The name of " Great Buddhian Road" was confirmed in ancient Vakhan. 4-stored Buddhian temple in the village of Vrang. The sitting niches for worshippers were cut around the terraces, and some of them were remained under the foothills of the temple. In the place of ancient ford through the river Pyanj (between Ishkoshim and Rin village) there was built a pier-caravanserai Dorkisht. Caravansarai and descent to the river was defended by walls with towers. The exploring of natural resources started in the period of IX-XI cc. In XII cc. a rich spinal mines were found in the area of the village Kuhi-lal, in ancient times famous as Badakhshan lal (ruby) stones. The reason that they are called Badakhshan stones the well-known ancient mineralogist Biruni (XI c) explainers, that, they were taken to Badakhshan, where they were granted, polished and sold. The mine belonged to the governor of Vakhan, who kept a control over the producing and exporting of the precious stone. Silver mines containing silver ores were also important ones. They started to mine it in Shugnan, in the uppers of Gunt and it's right tributary Tokuzbulak river in Bachor range. There were found some settlements of miners and metallurgists. But the mines in the Eastern Pamir were famous. In XI cc. , the most sources of silver (ancient Ilak in the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Shelji in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan) which were exported finished, there was so called " Silver crisis" . In this moment, the above mentioned silver mines in Shugnan were of big importance for the further exploring of silver resources in the " Roof of the World" In the northern slopes of the North-Alichur range in the valley of the river Ak-jilga on the high 3980 ms above the sea level there was built a small town. It consisted of caravansarai, administrative centre, town buildings with living houses, fire temple, cemetery(more than 500 tombs) and the bathroom with underground heating. The most highest mountain mine among the well-known resources was situated in the uppers of the river Sassik on the high of the 5000 ms above sea level. You can do travels according to several routes. But before making trips along the ancient caravan roads, don't forget to visit Regional Ethnographic museum and the local Botanical Garden.
We are start from Khorog to Ishkashim - 100 km. On the way we will see famous Hot springs It is worth of seeing here the village of Anderob, from where the road turns to Garmchashma (7 km) - medical thermal spring. In the background of severe rocks it is possible to see the white cupolas of calcite mineral mounds. There are many medical thermal and mineral water springs like narzan and borjomi 8 km further, there is a Kuhi-lal village, where one can see ancient mines of high quality spinal. District centre Ishkashim and the village Rin. Some fortressed settlements and defense castles, pier-caravansarai on the bank of the river Pyanj. After Ishkashim: The Kah-kah-ha castle (IV cc. B. C) - the walls of it strengthened with 55 towers, in the inside of it there are a bastion and the buildings of local governor(17kms from Ishkashim). Yamchun village (situated 72 km from Ishkoshim). Upper the village there is a very early castle. (III cc. B. C. ). On the upper square there is a citadel for garrison. The double lines of the castle walls are strengthened with 39 towers. Yamg village. (80 km from Ishkoshim). In the territory of the village the old system of the solar calendar, which rules the season dates of the Sunset was preserved. There is the tomb of the Sufi-astronomer Muborak(died in 1885y),who worked with the calendar. Vrang village (87 km from Ishkoshim). The Buddhian temple in the upper of the village on the rocky slope. A sitting niches around the temple for buddhian worshippers. Zong village (113 km from Ishkoshim). Around the village on the rocky slopes there are ruins of some castles, among them the Vishimkala (Anreshimkala) is the biggest. In the inside living and warehouse buildings compactly were built. A guarding tower built looking to the gorge. Ancient times there was situated the fire temple, built cross-like and there was a stowed for the holy fire. District of the villages Zong-Hissor-Langar, traditionally called as the " Meeting of the main roads" . It is the point, where Pamir river joins with Wahan-Darya and the Pyanj river starts. There is the road to Eastern Pamir and Afgan Vakhan. The Castle of Ratm (Kushan period),in front of which a guarding tower with a highs of more than 3 meters was staying, took a control over the region. Langar village. The remains of the castle are situated after the village of Langar, on the bank of the river Pamir, which runs here in the deepest gorge. In the area of Langar there are majority of pethroglifs were found.
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ABOUT PAMIRTHE GREAT PAMIR
What would You like to see in Pamir? How to get the other regions in Tajikistan and a specialty the most contrast highest mountains in the Great Pamir? It is possible to fly, or if You are romantic, after driving 500 km You will appear in Khorog - in the capital of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of the Republic of Tajikistan (GBAR - it's total territory is - 63. 3 thousand sq. km or 45% territory of Tajikistan, - population - 167. 1 thousand, in Khorog - 20. 7 thousand people). The town meets You with modern buildings with TV antenna’s on the roofs and You'll see asphalt streets, public transport and the building of Khorog University. And You’ll be surprised is: " Where is Pamir?" As the matter of the fact, the historical and geographical terms now united, and now the territory of GBAO as for natural conditions is divided into Western Pamir: (6 administrative districts: Kalai-khumb, Vanch, Rushan, Shugnan, Roshtkala and Ishkoshim) and Eastern Pamir (Murgab district). Population of Western Pamir from the ancient times was busy with agriculture and cattle-farming, and of the Eastern Pamir with sheep-farming. The name of Pamir (Po-mi-lo) and it's description were fixed in " The Notes" of Buddhian worshipper Syuan Tzan of YIIcc. The severe cold and strong winds were dominating here and it was snowy all the year round. No fruit trees and grains were growing here as the land was stony and salty. The same impressions had the great Marco Polo, exploring Pamir after 500 years. This region is the Pamir now. It is translation has several meanings: " the roof of the world" , " bird's foot" , " sun foothills" , " death's foothills" and etc. There is no definite viewpoint. But the fact is that, Pamir is the highest mountain in the world after the Tibet and the people live here on the high of 3700-4200 ms above sea level. According to ancient history, such regions as, Vakhan, Shugnan, Rushan, Vanch were dislocated in the territory of Eastern Pamir. Archeological investigations discovered, that the first traces of the human being touched to the " Roof of the World" 40-20 thousand years before. Seasonally hunters started to come here in the hot time of the year in YIII-Y thousands B. C. . The most famous settlement remained by the hunters - is called " Oshkhona" (situated on the river Oshkhongilga, which joins the river Uisy, 25 km north from the lake of Karakul on the high of the 4200 ms above sea level). More than 50 human settlements from the stone age were found in the Eastern Pamir. People here hunted and also produced stone tools. The finest paintings of that time were discovered in the cave of Shakhti (40 km from Murgab settlement, on the road to Jarti-gumbaz). The colors is extremely beautiful. On the walls of the cave it is possible to see bird masked human figure, 2 boars and the yak, wounded by 2 arrows. (pic. 2) In the Western Pamir the ancient settlement of the same time is known in the valley of the river Javshangoz - it is the left tributary of the river Shokh-dara in Roshtkala area. It was the start of exploring the whole Badakhshan Pamir. Though the monuments of neolith period are known in Western Pamir, for this time. There no details about agricultural lands in Western Pamir. But however academician N. I. Vavilov included this region to the area of the origin of cultivated plants. About Pamir
The facts confirm that, agriculture and home animals appeared in bronze epoch. But for cultivating of the land people used stone ploughers. The first worshipping monuments appeared: four-angled erections with outside entrance-corridor and the stone altar in the centre of the back walls. At the same time they were intended as tombs or a burial vaults. The dead bodies were buried inside of the walls, first putting them in the " stone boxes" . This was the starting time of the worshipping of the Fire and the Sun. The stone rounded fencings (with the diameter of 60-46ms) on the starts of the river Big Marjanai are connected with different ceremonies, dedicated to the Fire and the Sun. (pic. 3). A human being living here in this time anthropologically belonged to the Mediterranean race type. They came to Pamir from the south or south-western areas of Southern-Tajikistan or Afghanistan. To the next thousand years, exploring and population of Pamir continues, getting tempo’s and this time is called " Sac's Period" . The " Roof of the World" successfully started to be used as a pasture from the early spring up to late autumn. More than 50 tombs found there tell us about. At the same time in the neighboring north-eastern areas Sac nomadic tribes also pastures their cattle’s. Excavation of tombs gave us big materials about weapons, house tools, ceremonial items and a wide trade contacts with Fergana valley, Xinzyang, India and Afghanistan. Practical knowledge of ancient peasants was based on solar calendar, which had original construction. In the valley of the river Shorolyu (left tributary of the river Kuhdara) in the area of the Kokjar pass, on the height of the 3850 ms there were found interesting sloppy figures, made on the earth from stone (length 6-13 ms) in two colures (black stone and white quartz). One figure is oriented to spring (autumn) day/night equality (march 21 and September 23) and two others were oriented to summer (winter) day/night equality (June 22 and December 22) The end of I- thousand years, B. C. is the famous that, there was opened the Great Silk Road in II cc. B. C. from China to the countries of Central and Front Asia. In the area of Dunkhuan district the road divided into two, - the northern road went to Ferghana valley, the southern after crossing Saricol range went to south. The southern road is famous under the name of Vakhan or Great Buddhian Road and Shugnan. This was the road of trade caravans, Buddhian worshippers and missioners. To this time the Western Pamir enough explored, that there were built huge defensive castles (Kah-Kaha in Namadgut village), fortressed settlements. Most of them were built in I cc. B. C. - Icc. B. C. (Kushan period) The lack of plain lands and the defense purposes insisted them to build settlements on a high rocky mounds. Magnificent erections (the height of the walls preserved up to 3-meters) are seen in the background of snow cowered peaks. It is the unrepeatable museum under the open sky, which created by the ancestors of modern people, who live now in Vakhan, Shugnan, Rushan, Yazgulem and Vanch. Mostly, special type of agriculture - agricultural farms were developed. According to modern measures, in ancient times, however up to XII cc. there no villages at all. The big Patriarchic families (with up to 60 people) lived in the village farms. The strong walls with towers, defended living and farm houses. In the early middle ages (VI-VII cc. ) fire worshipping well confirmed, that there appeared fire temples (In village farms there were special rooms for holy fire) and in ancient manuscripts local people were called fire worshippers. The name of " Great Buddhian Road" was confirmed in ancient Vakhan. 4-stored Buddhian temple in the village of Vrang. The sitting niches for worshippers were cut around the terraces, and some of them were remained under the foothills of the temple. In the place of ancient ford through the river Pyanj (between Ishkoshim and Rin village) there was built a pier-caravanserai Dorkisht. Caravansarai and descent to the river was defended by walls with towers. The exploring of natural resources started in the period of IX-XI cc. In XII cc. a rich spinal mines were found in the area of the village Kuhi-lal, in ancient times famous as Badakhshan lal stones. The reason that they are called Badakhshan stones the well-known ancient mineralogist Biruni (XI c) explainers, that, they were taken to Badakhshan, where they were granted, polished and sold. The mine belonged to the governor of Vakhan, who kept a control over the producing and exporting of the precious stone. Silver mines containing silver ores were also important ones. They started to mine it in Shugnan, in the uppers of Gunt and it's right tributary Tokuzbulak river in Bachor range. There were found some settlements of miners and metallurgists. But the mines in the Eastern Pamir were famous. In XI cc. , the most sources of silver (ancient Ilak in the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Shelji in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan) which were exported finished, there was so called " Silver crisis" . In this moment, the above mentioned silver mines in Shugnan were of big importance for the further exploring of silver resources in the " Roof of the World" In the northern slopes of the North-Alichur range in the valley of the river Ak-jilga on the high 3980 ms above the sea level there was built a small town. It consisted of caravansarai, administrative centre, town buildings with living houses, fire temple, cemetery(more than 500 tombs) and the bathroom with underground heating. The most highest mountain mine among the well-known resources was situated in the uppers of the river Sassik on the high of the 5000 ms above sea level. You can do travels according to several routes. But before making trips along the ancient caravan roads, don't forget to visit Regional Ethnographic museum and the local Botanical Garden.
Wahan corridor: We are start from Khorog to Ishkashim - 104 km. On the way we will see famous Hot springs It is worth of seeing here the village of Anderob, from where the road turns to Garmchashma (7 km) - medical thermal spring. In the background of severe rocks it is possible to see the white cupolas of calcite mineral mounds. There are many medical thermal and mineral water springs like narzan and borjomi 8 km further, there is a Kuhi-lal village, where one can see ancient mines of high quality spinal. District centre Ishkashim and the village Rin. Some fortressed settlements and defense castles, pier-caravansarai on the bank of the river Pyanj. After Ishkashim: The Kah-kah-ha castle (IV cc. B. C) - the walls of it strengthened with 55 towers, in the inside of it there are a bastion and the buildings of local governor(17kms from Ishkashim). Yamchun village (situated 72 km from Ishkoshim). Upper the village there is a very early castle. (III cc. B. C. ). On the upper square there is a citadel for garrison. The double lines of the castle walls are strengthened with 39 towers. Yamg village. (80 km from Ishkoshim). In the territory of the village the old system of the solar calendar, which rules the season dates of the Sunset was preserved. There is the tomb of the Sufi-astronomer Muborak(died in 1885y),who worked with the calendar. Vrang village (87 km from Ishkoshim). The Buddhian temple in the upper of the village on the rocky slope. A sitting niches around the temple for buddhian worshippers. Zong village (113 km from Ishkoshim). Around the village on the rocky slopes there are ruins of some castles, among them the Vishimkala (Anreshimkala) is the biggest. In the inside living and warehouse buildings compactly were built. A guarding tower built looking to the gorge. Ancient times there was situated the fire temple, built cross-like and there was a stowed for the holy fire. District of the villages Zong-Hissor-Langar, traditionally called as the " Meeting of the main roads" . It is the point, where Pamir river joins with Wahan-Darya and the Pyanj river starts. There is the road to Eastern Pamir and Afgan Vakhan. The Castle of Ratm (Kushan period),in front of which a guarding tower with a highs of more than 3 meters was staying, took a control over the region. Langar village. The remains of the castle are situated after the village of Langar, on the bank of the river Pamir, which runs here in the deepest gorge. In the area of Langar there are majority of pethroglifs were found.
Shugnan destination: from Khorog to Jelondy - 130kms. On the top of the Bogiv village (Start of the river Bogivdara, the right tributary of the river Gunt ,9 km from Khorog) on the rocky mountains there is the castle, in the lower squares of it there are two temples of fire situated. It is built round like with niches for sitting and a place for the priest. There is a sowed in the centre. Three living houses built attaching to temples. The village of Patkhur (82 km from Khorog). Here was excavated farmer's house(YI-YII cc. )in which there was an altar for the fire. Varshez village(100 km from Khorog). There were found many settlements of miners and metallurgists, farmer's houses, mostly connected with silver resources in Bachor range in X-XI cc. Jelondy - this district is famous for mane medical thermal spring’s.
Second way Shugnan destination: From Khorog-Jaushangoz (136kms) The road to river Shokhdara. Besides the fascinating beauty ,it is interesting Roshtkala - district centre, in which there are situated the castle of Shugnan governor(XVIII-XIXcc) and one more ancient castle. The Shashbuvad village(118 km from Khorog). From the road it is possible to see the well preserved ancient castle on the rock. The valley of the river Jaushangoz. There is the castle of Derudj (YI-YII cc) 3 km after entrance to the valley. It closed the entrance to the valley of the river Shokhdara. This is the place, easy way to there is through the river Pamir, through Mats pass and the valley of the river Tokuzbulok.
THE GREAT SILK ROAD in PAMIR How to get this is region: by Pamir Silk road with three destinations:
" Darband - Tavildara–Kalai-khumb-Kalayrokharv - ( Vanch)- Yazgulom-Kalay Vomar(Rushon)-Barpanja. " 2. from Khorog Shugnan destination: " Barpanja - Khorog - Murgab – Tashkurgan. "
" Kuhilal - Vrang - Ishkashim - Langar – the valley of the river Vakhandarya (Afghanistan) – Tashkurgan (China)" .
Pamir, Badakhshan, occupies almost the half of the territory of modern Tajikistan - it is 63. 7 thousand sq. kilometers. Pamir is surrounded in all sides by the chain of permanent highest mountains and is considered to be one of the highest mountain system peak I.Somoni of the world with the altitude of 7495 ms above sea level.
In 982 y Khudud-al-Alam, in XIII cc. the books of " Mineralogy" of Biruni and the travel reports of Marco Polo say, that " Local people digging out precious stones in the mountain of " Shigkhnan" (Shugnan),under the order of Russian Tzar. Y A M C H U N The other temple is called by the local people " Zamri Otashparast"
(The castle of fire worshippers) and it is situated on the top of the village Yamchun,75 km from Kah-kah-qala, it's length is 900 ms and the width is 400 ms. This castle is located in a impassable part of the stony slope, rounded with two deep canyons of the river. The majestic castle has three round of double walls with 40 towers and the impressive citadel in the highest part of it.
Our route ends in the last village of Vakhan - Langar, on the top of it on the granite slopes the rock paintings with the images of mountain goats, caravans, horse riders with flags and with Ismailith five symbols were discovered. The big amount of historical and cultural monuments in Wahan destination of Great Silk Road allowed to the archeologist A. Zelinsky to call this area " The Great Pamir Road" . As for the scientist A. Stein ,he characterised this road as: " The Main Road connecting the Western Asia with classic world, consequently with far Central Asia and far East. In 12 km from Porshnev, in both banks of the river Gunt and in it's confluence with Panj river, on the height of 2100 ms above sea level there is famous a Pamir Botanic Garden with it's unique flora, taken from the different parts of the planet.
From Khorog the road goes into two, running in Eastern Pamir area: one in the valley of the river Gunt, the other of the river Shokhdara. We proceed our road EASTERN PAMIR (" Tsunlin as for Chinese sources and " Imau" in the map of Ptolemy), sharply differs from the civilized Western Pamir. This is the vast stony Plato with the very few plants on the height of 3400-3500 ms, occupying more than 30. 000 sq. km(bigger than Belgium). Plato is in the shape of not deep plate, at the edges of which is surrounded by the mountain ranges with the height of 1000-1500 ms above it's surface. The slowly running rivers of Murgab, Alichur, Pamir, Muzcol, make many lakes, locating in extremely high altitudes: Turumtaykul lake(4216), Zorkul lake (4126), Karakul lake(3914). The famous traveler Marco Polo was true in describing this region: " On traveling twelve days in the land called Pamir, where one cannot find neither a living shelter, nor a plant, and one should take food by himself. No birds here, because of height and cold. Because of great cold, the fire will flash unnatural and it is impossible to cook. " Probably, one of the finest points of this region is
About Pamir
The facts confirm that, agriculture and home animals appeared in bronze epoch. But for cultivating of the land people used stone ploughers. The first worshipping monuments appeared: four-angled erections with outside entrance-corridor and the stone altar in the centre of the back walls. At the same time they were intended as tombs or a burial vaults. The dead bodies were buried inside of the walls, first putting them in the " stone boxes" . This was the starting time of the worshipping of the Fire and the Sun. The stone rounded fencings (with the diameter of 60-46ms) on the starts of the river Big Marjanai are connected with different ceremonies, dedicated to the Fire and the Sun. (pic. 3). A human being living here in this time anthropologically belonged to the Mediterranean race type. They came to Pamir from the south or south-western areas of Southern-Tajikistan or Afghanistan. To the next thousand years, exploring and population of Pamir continues, getting tempo’s and this time is called " Sac's Period" . The " Roof of the World" successfully started to be used as a pasture from the early spring up to late autumn. More than 50 tombs found there tell us about. At the same time in the neighboring north-eastern areas Sac nomadic tribes also pastures their cattle’s. Excavation of tombs gave us big materials about weapons, house tools, ceremonial items and a wide trade contacts with Fergana valley, Xinzyang, India and Afghanistan. Practical knowledge of ancient peasants was based on solar calendar, which had original construction. In the valley of the river Shorolyu (left tributary of the river Kuhdara) in the area of the Kokjar pass, on the height of the 3850 ms there were found interesting sloppy figures, made on the earth from stone (length 6-13 ms) in two colures (black stone and white quartz). One figure is oriented to spring (autumn) day/night equality (march 21 and September 23) and two others were oriented to summer (winter) day/night equality (June 22 and December 22) The end of I- thousand years, B. C. is the famous that, there was opened the Great Silk Road in II cc. B. C. from China to the countries of Central and Front Asia. In the area of Dunkhuan district the road divided into two, - the northern road went to Ferghana valley, the southern after crossing Saricol range went to south. The southern road is famous under the name of Vakhan or Great Buddhian Road and Shugnan. This was the road of trade caravans, Buddhian worshippers and missioners. To this time the Western Pamir enough explored, that there were built huge defensive castles (Kah-Kaha in Namadgut village), fortressed settlements. Most of them were built in I cc. B. C. - Icc. B. C. (Kushan period) The lack of plain lands and the defense purposes insisted them to build settlements on a high rocky mounds. Magnificent erections (the height of the walls preserved up to 3-meters) are seen in the background of snow cowered peaks. It is the unrepeatable museum under the open sky, which created by the ancestors of modern people, who live now in Vakhan, Shugnan, Rushan, Yazgulem and Vanch. Mostly, special type of agriculture - agricultural farms were developed. According to modern measures, in ancient times, however up to XII cc. there no villages at all. The big Patriarchic families (with up to 60 people) lived in the village farms. The strong walls with towers, defended living and farm houses. In the early middle ages (VI-VII cc. ) fire worshipping well confirmed, that there appeared fire temples (In village farms there were special rooms for holy fire) and in ancient manuscripts local people were called fire worshippers. The name of " Great Buddhian Road" was confirmed in ancient Vakhan. 4-stored Buddhian temple in the village of Vrang. The sitting niches for worshippers were cut around the terraces, and some of them were remained under the foothills of the temple. In the place of ancient ford through the river Pyanj (between Ishkoshim and Rin village) there was built a pier-caravanserai Dorkisht. Caravansarai and descent to the river was defended by walls with towers. The exploring of natural resources started in the period of IX-XI cc. In XII cc. a rich spinal mines were found in the area of the village Kuhi-lal, in ancient times famous as Badakhshan lal (ruby) stones. The reason that they are called Badakhshan stones the well-known ancient mineralogist Biruni (XI c) explainers, that, they were taken to Badakhshan, where they were granted, polished and sold. The mine belonged to the governor of Vakhan, who kept a control over the producing and exporting of the precious stone. Silver mines containing silver ores were also important ones. They started to mine it in Shugnan, in the uppers of Gunt and it's right tributary Tokuzbulak river in Bachor range. There were found some settlements of miners and metallurgists. But the mines in the Eastern Pamir were famous. In XI cc. , the most sources of silver (ancient Ilak in the Republic of Uzbekistan and in Shelji in the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan) which were exported finished, there was so called " Silver crisis" . In this moment, the above mentioned silver mines in Shugnan were of big importance for the further exploring of silver resources in the " Roof of the World" In the northern slopes of the North-Alichur range in the valley of the river Ak-jilga on the high 3980 ms above the sea level there was built a small town. It consisted of caravansarai, administrative centre, town buildings with living houses, fire temple, cemetery(more than 500 tombs) and the bathroom with underground heating. The most highest mountain mine among the well-known resources was situated in the uppers of the river Sassik on the high of the 5000 ms above sea level. You can do travels according to several routes. But before making trips along the ancient caravan roads, don't forget to visit Regional Ethnographic museum and the local Botanical Garden.
We are start from Khorog to Ishkashim - 100 km. On the way we will see famous Hot springs It is worth of seeing here the village of Anderob, from where the road turns to Garmchashma (7 km) - medical thermal spring. In the background of severe rocks it is possible to see the white cupolas of calcite mineral mounds. There are many medical thermal and mineral water springs like narzan and borjomi 8 km further, there is a Kuhi-lal village, where one can see ancient mines of high quality spinal. District centre Ishkashim and the village Rin. Some fortressed settlements and defense castles, pier-caravansarai on the bank of the river Pyanj. After Ishkashim: The Kah-kah-ha castle (IV cc. B. C) - the walls of it strengthened with 55 towers, in the inside of it there are a bastion and the buildings of local governor(17kms from Ishkashim). Yamchun village (situated 72 km from Ishkoshim). Upper the village there is a very early castle. (III cc. B. C. ). On the upper square there is a citadel for garrison. The double lines of the castle walls are strengthened with 39 towers. Yamg village. (80 km from Ishkoshim). In the territory of the village the old system of the solar calendar, which rules the season dates of the Sunset was preserved. There is the tomb of the Sufi-astronomer Muborak(died in 1885y),who worked with the calendar. Vrang village (87 km from Ishkoshim). The Buddhian temple in the upper of the village on the rocky slope. A sitting niches around the temple for buddhian worshippers. Zong village (113 km from Ishkoshim). Around the village on the rocky slopes there are ruins of some castles, among them the Vishimkala (Anreshimkala) is the biggest. In the inside living and warehouse buildings compactly were built. A guarding tower built looking to the gorge. Ancient times there was situated the fire temple, built cross-like and there was a stowed for the holy fire. District of the villages Zong-Hissor-Langar, traditionally called as the " Meeting of the main roads" . It is the point, where Pamir river joins with Wahan-Darya and the Pyanj river starts. There is the road to Eastern Pamir and Afgan Vakhan. The Castle of Ratm (Kushan period),in front of which a guarding tower with a highs of more than 3 meters was staying, took a control over the region. Langar village. The remains of the castle are situated after the village of Langar, on the bank of the river Pamir, which runs here in the deepest gorge. In the area of Langar there are majority of pethroglifs were found.
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